手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。
癌症的治療無論是化療、手術或放療都是對身體有極大負擔，並且在發生惡性轉移後，無論是何種方式都是很難徹底治癒。所以在癌症的治療仍然是人類面對的極大考驗。在目前對於年老的癌症患者，或許找出能維持生活品質並讓其能平靜走向生命旅程的終點的治療方式，會是比積極消除癌細胞而使用副作用極大的治療方式要來的實際且重要。
Metastasis is widespread within the late stages of cancer and it may arise via the blood or the lymphatic system or both. The standard measures in metastasis are nearby invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymph, circulation from the entire body, extravasation in to the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis.
Cancer screening is just not accessible for quite a few types of cancers. Even when exams can be found, they may not be advisable for everybody. Universal screening or mass screening consists of screening Anyone.
Individuals that report the next quality of life tend to outlive for a longer time.[209] People with decreased quality of life might be afflicted by depression and other troubles and/or ailment development that the two impairs quality and quantity of everyday living. Moreover, patients with worse prognoses may very well be depressed or report poorer quality of life as they perceive that their problem is likely to generally be lethal.[citation necessary]
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全身性的症狀：體重減輕、食欲不振、惡病體質、大量出汗（夜間盜汗）、貧血
Epigenetic alterations take place routinely in cancers. As an example, one particular analyze outlined protein coding genes that were commonly altered of their methylation in Affiliation with colon most cancers.
Laser therapy works by using significant-depth mild to treat most cancers by shrinking or destroying tumors or precancerous growths. Lasers are mostly utilised to treat superficial cancers which can be about the surface of the human body or even the lining of internal organs. It truly is employed to 癌症 take care of basal mobile skin most cancers as well as the extremely early phases of Other individuals like cervical, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and non-tiny mobile lung cancer. It is frequently coupled with other solutions, including surgical procedure, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
症状性癌症的早期诊断在所有环境中并且对大多数癌症都意义重大。癌症规划应旨在减少诊断、治疗和支持性护理方面的延误和障碍。
A further mutation may cause the lack of a tumor suppressor gene, disrupting the apoptosis signaling pathway and immortalizing the cell.
免疫細胞療法是最近這幾年開發的最新技術，原理是直接將大量未分化的樹狀細胞投入腫瘤中或腫瘤周邊的血管中，能迅速且大量的強化樹狀細胞辨識特定癌細胞的能力，使樹狀細胞可在短時間內幫助輔助型T細胞（helper T cell）快速誘導出大量細胞毒殺性T淋巴球（CTL），以攻擊特定癌細胞。目前此項研究已在日本進入臨床試驗階段。
恶性肿瘤生长迅速，可在短时间内快速增大，为外生性或浸润性生长，影像学检查通常界限不清，常继发出血、坏死、溃疡等变化，组织病理学特征为分化差、异型性大、可见病理性核分裂像，对机体的伤害大，会破坏机体组织结构及功能，易复发、转移，致死率高。
结构重建与功能康复术：在保证治疗效果的基础上进行，以提高患者生存质量，如乳腺癌术后结构重建、喉癌发声重建术等。